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Crystal Programming

Crystal Programming

By : George Dietrich, Bernal
5 (1)
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Crystal Programming

Crystal Programming

5 (1)
By: George Dietrich, Bernal

Overview of this book

Crystal is a programming language with a concise and user-friendly syntax, along with a seamless system and a performant core, reaching C-like speed. This book will help you gain a deep understanding of the fundamental concepts of Crystal and show you how to apply them to create various types of applications. This book comes packed with step-by-step explanations of essential concepts and practical examples. You'll learn how to use Crystal’s features to create complex and organized projects relying on OOP and its most common design patterns. As you progress, you'll gain a solid understanding of both the basic and advanced features of Crystal. This will enable you to build any application, including command-line interface (CLI) programs and web applications using IOs, concurrency and C bindings, HTTP servers, and the JSON API. By the end of this programming book, you’ll be equipped with the skills you need to use Crystal programming for building and understanding any application you come across.
Table of Contents (26 chapters)
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1
Part 1: Getting Started
5
Part 2: Learning by Doing – CLI
10
Part 3: Learn by Doing – Web Application
13
Part 4: Metaprogramming
18
Part 5: Supporting Tools

Values and references – using structs

By default, Crystal objects are allocated into memory and are managed by a garbage collector. This means that you don't have to worry about where each object is in memory and how long it should live – the runtime will take care of accounting for which objects are still referred to by some variables and will release all others, automatically freeing resources. Variables will not store the object per se – it will store a reference pointing to the object. It all works transparently and there is no need to worry about it.

The aforementioned is true for all objects that are created from classes; the types of these objects are reference types. But there is another kind of object: value types.

In the following diagram, you can see the inheritance chain of some types. The ones that are references inherit from the Reference class, while the ones that are values inherit from the Value struct. All of them inherit from the special...

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