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Python for Finance

Python for Finance

3.5 (33)
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Python for Finance

Python for Finance

3.5 (33)

Overview of this book

This book uses Python as its computational tool. Since Python is free, any school or organization can download and use it. This book is organized according to various finance subjects. In other words, the first edition focuses more on Python, while the second edition is truly trying to apply Python to finance. The book starts by explaining topics exclusively related to Python. Then we deal with critical parts of Python, explaining concepts such as time value of money stock and bond evaluations, capital asset pricing model, multi-factor models, time series analysis, portfolio theory, options and futures. This book will help us to learn or review the basics of quantitative finance and apply Python to solve various problems, such as estimating IBM’s market risk, running a Fama-French 3-factor, 5-factor, or Fama-French-Carhart 4 factor model, estimating the VaR of a 5-stock portfolio, estimating the optimal portfolio, and constructing the efficient frontier for a 20-stock portfolio with real-world stock, and with Monte Carlo Simulation. Later, we will also learn how to replicate the famous Black-Scholes-Merton option model and how to price exotic options such as the average price call option.
Table of Contents (17 chapters)
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Preface
Preface
A few words for the second edition
Why Python?
A programming book written by a finance professor
What this book covers
Small-program oriented
Using real-world data
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Free Chapter
1
1. Python Basics
1. Python Basics
Python installation
Variable assignment, empty space, and writing our own programs
Writing a Python function
Python loops
Data input
Data manipulation
Data output
Exercises
Summary
2
2. Introduction to Python Modules
2. Introduction to Python Modules
What is a Python module?
Introduction to NumPy
Introduction to SciPy
Introduction to matplotlib
Introduction to statsmodels
Introduction to pandas
Python modules related to finance
Introduction to the pandas_reader module
Two financial calculators
How to install a Python module
Module dependency
Exercises
Summary
3
3. Time Value of Money
3. Time Value of Money
Introduction to time value of money
Writing a financial calculator in Python
Definition of NPV and NPV rule
Definition of IRR and IRR rule
Definition of payback period and payback period rule
Writing your own financial calculator in Python
Two general formulae for many functions
Exercises
Summary
4
4. Sources of Data
4. Sources of Data
Diving into deeper concepts
5
5. Bond and Stock Valuation
5. Bond and Stock Valuation
Introduction to interest rates
Term structure of interest rates
Bond evaluation
Stock valuation
A new data type – dictionary
Summary
6
6. Capital Asset Pricing Model
6. Capital Asset Pricing Model
Introduction to CAPM
Moving beta
Adjusted beta
Extracting output data
Simple string manipulation
Python via Canopy
References
Exercises
Summary
7
7. Multifactor Models and Performance Measures
7. Multifactor Models and Performance Measures
Introduction to the Fama-French three-factor model
Fama-French three-factor model
Fama-French-Carhart four-factor model and Fama-French five-factor model
Implementation of Dimson (1979) adjustment for beta
Performance measures
How to merge different datasets
References
Exercises
Summary
8
8. Time-Series Analysis
8. Time-Series Analysis
Introduction to time-series analysis
Merging datasets based on a date variable
Understanding the interpolation technique
Tests of normality
52-week high and low trading strategy
Estimating Roll's spread
Estimating Amihud's illiquidity
Estimating Pastor and Stambaugh (2003) liquidity measure
Fama-MacBeth regression
Durbin-Watson
Python for high-frequency data
Spread estimated based on high-frequency data
Introduction to CRSP
References
Exercises
Summary
9
9. Portfolio Theory
9. Portfolio Theory
Introduction to portfolio theory
A 2-stock portfolio
Optimization – minimization
Forming an n-stock portfolio
Constructing an optimal portfolio
Constructing an efficient frontier with n stocks
References
Exercises
Summary
10
10. Options and Futures
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10. Options and Futures
Introducing futures
Payoff and profit/loss functions for call and put options
European versus American options
Black-Scholes-Merton option model on non-dividend paying stocks
Generating our own module p4f
European options with known dividends
Various trading strategies
Put-call parity and its graphic presentation
Binomial tree and its graphic presentation
Hedging strategies
Implied volatility
Binary-search
Retrieving option data from Yahoo! Finance
Volatility smile and skewness
References
Exercises
Summary
11
11. Value at Risk
11. Value at Risk
Introduction to VaR
Normality tests
Skewness and kurtosis
Modified VaR
VaR based on sorted historical returns
Simulation and VaR
VaR for portfolios
Backtesting and stress testing
Expected shortfall
References
Exercises
Summary
12
12. Monte Carlo Simulation
12. Monte Carlo Simulation
Importance of Monte Carlo Simulation
Generating random numbers from a standard normal distribution
Generating random numbers with a seed
Generating random numbers from a uniform distribution
Using simulation to estimate the pi value
Generating random numbers from a Poisson distribution
Selecting m stocks randomly from n given stocks
With/without replacements
Distribution of annual returns
Simulation of stock price movements
Graphical presentation of stock prices at options' maturity dates
Replicating a Black-Scholes-Merton call using simulation
Liking two methods for VaR using simulation
Capital budgeting with Monte Carlo Simulation
Python SimPy module
Comparison between two social policies – basic income and basic job
Finding an efficient frontier based on two stocks by using simulation
Constructing an efficient frontier with n stocks
Long-term return forecasting
Efficiency, Quasi-Monte Carlo, and Sobol sequences
References
Exercises
Summary
13
13. Credit Risk Analysis
13. Credit Risk Analysis
Introduction to credit risk analysis
Credit rating
Credit spread
YIELD of AAA-rated bond, Altman Z-score
Using the KMV model to estimate the market value of total assets and its volatility
Term structure of interest rate
Distance to default
Credit default swap
References
Exercises
Summary
14
14. Exotic Options
14. Exotic Options
European, American, and Bermuda options
Chooser options
Shout options
Binary options
Rainbow options
Pricing average options
Pricing barrier options
Barrier in-and-out parity
Graph of up-and-out and up-and-in parity
Pricing lookback options with floating strikes
References
Exercises
Summary
15
15. Volatility, Implied Volatility, ARCH, and GARCH
15. Volatility, Implied Volatility, ARCH, and GARCH
Conventional volatility measure – standard deviation
Tests of normality
Estimating fat tails
Lower partial standard deviation and Sortino ratio
Test of equivalency of volatility over two periods
Test of heteroskedasticity, Breusch, and Pagan
Volatility smile and skewness
Graphical presentation of volatility clustering
The ARCH model
Simulating an ARCH (1) process
The GARCH model
Simulating a GARCH process
Simulating a GARCH (p,q) process using modified garchSim()
GJR_GARCH by Glosten, Jagannanthan, and Runkle
References
Exercises
Summary
16
Index
Index

Implied volatility

From the previous sections, we know that for a set of input variables—S (the present stock price), X (the exercise price), T (the maturity date in years), r (the continuously compounded risk-free rate), and sigma (the volatility of the stock, that is, the annualized standard deviation of its returns)—we could estimate the price of a call option based on the Black-Scholes-Merton option model. Recall that to price a European call option, we have the following Python code of five lines:

def bs_call(S,X,T,r,sigma):
    from scipy import log,exp,sqrt,stats
d1=(log(S/X)+(r+sigma*sigma/2.)*T)/(sigma*sqrt(T))
d2 = d1-sigma*sqrt(T)
return S*stats.norm.cdf(d1)-X*exp(-r*T)*stats.norm.cdf(d2)

After entering a set of five values, we can estimate the call price as follows:

>>>bs_call(40,40,0.5,0.05,0.25)
3.3040017284767735

On the other hand, if we know S, X, T, r, and c, how can we estimate sigma? Here, sigma is our implied volatility. In other words, if we are given...

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