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Hands-On Neural Networks with Keras

By : Purkait

Hands-On Neural Networks with Keras

By: Purkait

Overview of this book

Neural networks are used to solve a wide range of problems in different areas of AI and deep learning. Hands-On Neural Networks with Keras will start with teaching you about the core concepts of neural networks. You will delve into combining different neural network models and work with real-world use cases, including computer vision, natural language understanding, synthetic data generation, and many more. Moving on, you will become well versed with convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, autoencoders, and generative adversarial networks (GANs) using real-world training datasets. We will examine how to use CNNs for image recognition, how to use reinforcement learning agents, and many more. We will dive into the specific architectures of various networks and then implement each of them in a hands-on manner using industry-grade frameworks. By the end of this book, you will be highly familiar with all prominent deep learning models and frameworks, and the options you have when applying deep learning to real-world scenarios and embedding artificial intelligence as the core fabric of your organization.

Preface

Preface

Who this book is for

What this book covers

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Section 1: Fundamentals of Neural Networks

Section 1: Fundamentals of Neural Networks

Overview of Neural Networks

Overview of Neural Networks

Defining our goal

Knowing our tools

The fundamentals of neural learning

The fundamentals of data science

Summary

Further reading

A Deeper Dive into Neural Networks

A Deeper Dive into Neural Networks

From the biological to the artificial neuron – the perceptron

Building a perceptron

Learning through errors

Training a perceptron

Backpropagation

Scaling the perceptron

A single layered network

Summary

Signal Processing - Data Analysis with Neural Networks

Signal Processing - Data Analysis with Neural Networks

Processing signals

Images as numbers

Feeding a neural network

Examples of tensors

Building a model

Compiling the model

Evaluating model performance

Implementing weight regularization in Keras

Weight regularization experiments

Implementing dropout regularization in Keras

Language processing

The internet movie reviews dataset

Plotting a single training instance

One-hot encoding

Vectorizing features

Vectorizing labels

Building a network

Callbacks

Accessing model predictions

Probing the predictions

Feature-wise normalization

Cross validation with scikit-learn API

Summary

Exercises

Section 2: Advanced Neural Network Architectures

Section 2: Advanced Neural Network Architectures

Convolutional Neural Networks

Convolutional Neural Networks

Why CNNs?

The birth of vision

Understanding biological vision

Conceptualizing spatial invariance

Defining receptive fields of neurons

Implementing a hierarchy of neurons

The birth of the modern CNN

Designing a CNN

The convolution operation

Visualizing feature extraction with filters

Looking at complex filters

Summarizing the convolution operation

Understanding pooling layers

Implementing CNNs in Keras

Convolutional layer

Leveraging a fully connected layer for classification

Summarizing our model

Checking model accuracy

The problem with detecting smiles

Introducing Keras's functional API

Verifying the number of channels per layer

Understanding saliency

Visualizing saliency maps with ResNet50

Loading pictures from a local directory

Using Keras's visualization module

Searching through layers

Exercise

Gradient weighted class activation mapping

Visualizing class activations with Keras-vis

Using the pretrained model for prediction

Visualizing maximal activations per output class

Converging a model

Using multiple filter indices to hallucinate

Problems with CNNs

Neural network pareidolia

Summary

Recurrent Neural Networks

Recurrent Neural Networks

Modeling sequences

Using RNNs for sequential modeling

Summarizing different types of sequence processing tasks

Predicting an output per time step

Backpropagation through time

Exploding and vanishing gradients

GRUs

Building character-level language models in Keras

Statistics of character modeling

The purpose of controlling stochasticity

Testing different RNN models

Building a SimpleRNN

Building GRUs

On processing reality sequentially

Bi-directional layer in Keras

Visualizing output values

Summary

Further reading

Exercise

Long Short-Term Memory Networks

Long Short-Term Memory Networks

On processing complex sequences

The LSTM network

Dissecting the LSTM

LSTM memory block

Visualizing the flow of information

Computing contender memory

Computing activations per timestep

Variations of LSTM and performance

Understanding peephole connections

Importance of timing and counting

Putting our knowledge to use

On modeling stock market data

Denoising the data

Implementing exponential smoothing

The problem with one-step-ahead predictions

Creating sequences of observations

Building LSTMs

Closing comments

Summary

Exercises

Reinforcement Learning with Deep Q-Networks

Reinforcement Learning with Deep Q-Networks

On reward and gratification

Conditioning machines with reinforcement learning

The explore-exploit dilemma

Path to artificial general intelligence

Simulating environments

A self-driving taxi cab

Trade-off between immediate and future rewards

Discounting future rewards

Markov decision process

Understanding policy functions

Assessing the value of a state

Assessing the quality of an action

Using the Bellman equation

Updating the Bellman equation iteratively

Why use neural networks?

Performing a forward pass in Q-learning

Performing a backward pass in Q-Learning

Deep Q-learning in Keras

Balancing exploration with exploitation

Initializing the deep Q-learning agent

Double Q-learning

Dueling network architecture

Exercise

Summary

Section 3: Hybrid Model Architecture

Section 3: Hybrid Model Architecture

Autoencoders

Autoencoders

Why autoencoders?

Automatically encoding information

Understanding the limitations of autoencoders

Breaking down the autoencoder

Training an autoencoder

Overviewing autoencoder archetypes

Network size and representational power

Understanding regularization in autoencoders

Regularization with sparse autoencoders

Probing the data

Building the verification model

Designing a deep autoencoder

Using functional API to design autoencoders

Deep convolutional autoencoder

Compiling and training the model

Testing and visualizing the results

Denoising autoencoders

Training the denoising network

Summary

Exercise

Generative Networks

Generative Networks

Replicating versus generating content

Understanding the notion of latent space

Diving deeper into generative networks

Using randomness to augment outputs

Sampling from the latent space

Understanding types of generative networks

Understanding VAEs

Designing a VAE in Keras

Building the encoding module in a VAE

Building the decoder module

Visualizing the latent space

Latent space sampling and output generation

Exploring GANs

Diving deeper into GANs

Designing a GAN in Keras

Designing the generator module

Designing the discriminator module

Putting the GAN together

The training function

Defining the discriminator labels

Training the generator per batch

Executing the training session

Conclusion

Summary

Section 4: Road Ahead

Section 4: Road Ahead

Contemplating Present and Future Developments

Contemplating Present and Future Developments

Sharing representations with transfer learning

Concluding our experiments

Learning representations

Limits of current neural networks

Encouraging sparse representation learning

Tuning hyperparameters

Automatic optimization and evolutionary algorithms

Multi-network predictions and ensemble models

The future of AI and neural networks

The road ahead

Problems with classical computing

The advent of quantum computing

Quantum neural networks

Technology and society

Contemplating our future

Summary

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Training an autoencoder

The interaction between the encoder and decoder functions is governed by yet another function, which operationalizes the distance between the inputs and outputs of the encoder. We have come to know this as the loss function in neural network parlance. Hence, to train an autoencoder, we simply differentiate our encoder and decoder functions with respect to the loss function (typically using mean squared error) and use the gradients to backpropagate the model's errors and update the layer weights of the entire network.

Consequently, the learning mechanism of an autoencoder can be denoted as minimizing a loss function, and is as follows:

min L(x, g ( f ( x ) ) )

In the previous equation, L represents a loss function (such as MSE) that penalizes the output of the decoder function (g(f( x ))) for being divergent from the network's input, (x). By iteratively...

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