In order to build computer vision applications, you need to be able to access the image content and, eventually, modify or create images. This chapter will teach you how to manipulate the picture elements (also known as pixels). You will learn how to scan an image and process each of its pixels. You will also learn how to do this efficiently, since even images of modest dimensions can contain hundreds of thousands of pixels.

Fundamentally, an image is a matrix of numerical values. This is why, as we learned in Chapter 1, Playing with Images, OpenCV 4 manipulates them using the cv::Mat data structure. Each element of the matrix represents one pixel. For a gray-level image (a black-and-white image), pixels are unsigned 8-bit values where 0 corresponds to black and 255 corresponds to white. In the case of color images, three primary color values are required...