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PHP 7 Data Structures and Algorithms

By : Rahman

5 (2)

PHP 7 Data Structures and Algorithms

5 (2)

By: Rahman

Overview of this book

PHP has always been the the go-to language for web based application development, but there are materials and resources you can refer to to see how it works. Data structures and algorithms help you to code and execute them effectively, cutting down on processing time significantly. If you want to explore data structures and algorithms in a practical way with real-life projects, then this book is for you. The book begins by introducing you to data structures and algorithms and how to solve a problem from beginning to end using them. Once you are well aware of the basics, it covers the core aspects like arrays, listed lists, stacks and queues. It will take you through several methods of finding efficient algorithms and show you which ones you should implement in each scenario. In addition to this, you will explore the possibilities of functional data structures using PHP and go through advanced algorithms and graphs as well as dynamic programming. By the end, you will be confident enough to tackle both basic and advanced data structures, understand how they work, and know when to use them in your day-to-day work

Preface

Preface

What this book covers

What you need for this book

Who this book is for

Conventions

Reader feedback

Customer support

Free Chapter

Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms

Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms

Importance of data structures and algorithms

Understanding Abstract Data Type (ADT)

Different data structures

Solving a problem - algorithmic approach

Writing pseudocode

Algorithm analysis

Understanding the big O (big oh) notation

Standard PHP Library (SPL) and data structures

Summary

Understanding PHP Arrays

Understanding PHP Arrays

Understanding PHP arrays in a better way

Using an array as flexible storage

Use of multi-dimensional arrays to represent data structures

Performance comparison between a regular PHP array and SplFixedArray

Understanding hash tables

Implementing struct using a PHP array

Implementing sets using a PHP array

Best usage of a PHP array

PHP array, is it a performance killer?

Summary

Using Linked Lists

Using Linked Lists

What is a linked list?

Different types of linked list

Inserting, deleting, and searching for an item

Understanding complexity for linked lists

Making the linked list iterable

Building circular linked list

Implementing a doubly linked list in PHP

Doubly linked list operations

Complexity for doubly linked lists

Using PHP SplDoublyLinkedList

Summary

Constructing Stacks and Queues

Constructing Stacks and Queues

Understanding stack

Implementing a stack using PHP array

Understanding complexity of stack operations

Implementing stack using linked list

Using SplStack class from SPL

Real life usage of stack

Understanding queue

Using SplQueue class from SPL

Understanding priority queue

Implementing priority queue using linked list

Implement a priority queue using SplPriorityQueue

Implementing a circular queue

Creating a double - ended queue (deque)

Summary

Applying Recursive Algorithms - Recursion

Applying Recursive Algorithms - Recursion

Understanding recursion

Different types of recursions

Building an N-level category tree using recursion

Finding files and directories using recursion

Analyzing recursive algorithms

Maximum recursion depth in PHP

Using SPL recursive iterators

Using the PHP built-in function array_walk_recursive

Summary

Understanding and Implementing Trees

Understanding and Implementing Trees

Tree definition and properties

Implementing a tree using PHP

Different types of tree structures

Understanding a binary tree

Implementing a binary tree

Creating a binary tree using a PHP array

Understanding the binary search tree

Constructing a binary search tree

Tree traversal

Complexity of different tree data structures

Summary

Using Sorting Algorithms

Using Sorting Algorithms

Understanding sorting and their types

Understanding bubble sort

Understanding selection sort

Understanding insertion Sort

Understanding divide-and-conquer technique for sorting

Understanding merge sort

Understanding quick sort

Understanding bucket sort

Using PHP's built-in sorting function

Summary

Exploring Search Options

Exploring Search Options

Linear searching

Binary search

Interpolation search

Exponential search

Search using hash table

Tree searching

Summary

Putting Graphs into Action

Putting Graphs into Action

Understanding graph properties

Types of graphs

Revisiting BFS and DFS for graphs

Topological sorting using Kahn's algorithm

Shortest path using the Floyd-Warshall algorithm

Single source shortest path using Dijkstra's algorithm

Finding the shortest path using the Bellman-Ford algorithm

Understanding the minimum spanning tree (MST)

Implementing Prim's spanning tree algorithm

Kruskal's algorithm for spanning tree

Summary

Understanding and Using Heaps

Understanding and Using Heaps

What is a heap?

Heap operations

Implementing a binary heap in PHP

Analyzing the complexity of heap operations

Using heaps as a priority queue

Using heap sort

Using SplHeap, SplMaxHeap, and SplMinHeap

Summary

Solving Problems with Advanced Techniques

Solving Problems with Advanced Techniques

Memoization

Pattern matching algorithms

Implementing Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm

Greedy algorithms

Implementing Huffman coding algorithm

Understanding dynamic programming

0 - 1 knapsack

Finding the longest common subsequence-LCS

DNA sequencing using dynamic programming

Backtracking to solve puzzle problem

Collaborative filtering recommendation system

Using bloom filters and sparse matrix

Summary

PHP Built-In Support for Data Structures and Algorithms

PHP Built-In Support for Data Structures and Algorithms

Built-in PHP features for data structure

SPL classes

Built-in PHP algorithms

Hashing

Built-in support through PECL

Vector

Summary

Functional Data Structures with PHP

Functional Data Structures with PHP

Understanding functional programming with PHP

Getting started with Tarsana

Implementing stack

Implementing a queue

Implementing a tree

Summary

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Different types of linked list

So far, we have dealt with the kind of list known as a singly linked list, or linear linked list. However, there are also several different types of linked lists based on the operations involved:

Doubly linked list
Circular linked list
Multi-linked list

Doubly linked lists

In a doubly linked list, there are two links on each node: one to point to the next node and another one to the previous node. Where the singly linked list is unidirectional, the doubly linked list is bidirectional. We can move forward or backward in the list without any problem. The following image shows a sample doubly linked list. Later, in the Implementing a doubly linked list in PHP section, we will explore how...

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