The networks we have contemplated so far have been relatively simple networks with two interfaces (WAN and LAN). As our networks get larger, we have two primary concerns. The first is the increase in broadcast traffic (packets received by every node on the network). The second is the need to segregate network traffic based on management and/or security concerns.

One way of solving these issues is to divide our networks into different segments. For example, in a corporate network, we may have different subnets for the engineering department, the sales department, and so on.

The problem with this approach is that it does not scale well in the traditional networking paradigm. Each subnet requires a separate physical interface, and there is a limit to how many physical interfaces we can place in a single router.

A better solution is to decouple the physical organization...