Creating an API Django Application | Python – Complete Python, Django, Data Science and ML Guide

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Python – Complete Python, Django, Data Science and ML Guide

By : Bogdan Stashchuk

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Python – Complete Python, Django, Data Science and ML Guide

5 (4)

By: Bogdan Stashchuk

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Overview of this book

Join us on an immersive Python programming journey, spanning over 50 hours of learning. Whether you're a novice or experienced, this course equips you with vital Python skills for careers and projects. Starting from the basics, grasp Python's core principles and proficiency in real-world functions. As Python's popularity grows, this course readies you for the rising demand for Python developers. You'll practice hand-on examples using Python's interpreter and Visual Studio Code with Code Runner to solidify your skills. With a focus on Data Science and Machine Learning, you'll master essential packages such as NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, and Scikit-learn, using the versatile Jupyter Notebook. The course extensively covers Python's fundamental aspects, spanning variables, lists, dictionaries, and venturing into advanced topics like classes, loops, modules, and creating virtual environments. The goal is to provide you with a solid Python foundation. You'll also gain insight into functional and object-oriented Python programming, making you a versatile coder. The course is thoughtfully structured, explaining not just "how" but also "why" we use specific methods and best practices. By course end, you'll harness Python's full potential for web and mobile app development, data science, machine learning, and game creation.

Free Chapter

Introduction to Python

Introduction to the Complete Python Guide

Course Overview

Where to Write and Run Python Code

Practice Installing Python

Practice - Using the Python Interactive Interpreter

Installing and Using Pycharm IDE

Installing PyCharm

Getting Familiar with the PyCharm Interface

Basics Concepts in Python

Key Concept in Python

Main Data Types in Python

Practice - Working with Main Data Types

Introduction to Functions and Built-in Functions in python

Built-in Functions

Practice - Defining and Using Functions

Practice - Using the Return Statement in Functions

Practice - Exploring Built-in Functions

Practice - Using the built-in dir() Function

Practice - Gathering User Input with the built-in input() Function

Code formatting and PEP8

Code Indentations

Practice - Working with Indentations

Following PEP 8 Guidelines

Enabling Auto-Formatting in PyCharm

Comments

Practice - Adding Comments to Your Code

Expressions and Instructions

Understanding Expressions

Understanding Statements

Practice - Using Expressions

Practice - Using Statements

Variables

Practice - Defining and Using Variables

Data Types and structures

Understanding Dynamic Typing

Types and Data Structures Overview

Variables and Objects

Practice - Using the built-in id() Function

Practice - Exploring Core Data Classes (str, int, bool, list, dict)

Practice - Using the built-in isinstance() Function

Strings

Practice - String Manipulation

Practice - String Methods

String Concatenation

Practice - Concatenating Strings using the + Operator

Practice - Using f-strings for String Formatting

Practice - Alternative String Formatting Methods

Numeric Types

Integers

Practice - Integers Manipulation

Float Numbers

Practice - Floating-Point Numbers Manipulation

Working with Complex Numbers

Boolean Values

Practice - Working with Boolean Values

Type Conversion

Magic Methods

Practice - Utilizing Magic Attributes and Methods

Lists

List Methods

Practice - Working with Lists

Copying Lists

Practice - Copying Lists

TASK - Working with Lists

Dictionaries

Practice - Manipulating Dictionaries

Practice - Dictionary Methods

Other Operations with Dictionaries

Practice - Using the get() Method for Dictionaries

Practice - Converting Other Types to a Dictionary

TASK - Working with Dictionaries

Tuples

Practice - Tuples Manipulation

Sets

Practice - Working with Sets

Understanding Set Theory

Set Methods

Practice - Usage of the Set Methods

Practice - Calculating Symmetric Difference of Sets

TASK - Working with Sets

Ranges

Practice - Range Manipulation

Practice - Range Methods and Attributes

Working with Sequences

Built-in Functions for Sequences

Built-in zip() Function

Practice - Working with zip Objects

Practice - Converting a zip Object to a Dictionary

Comparison of Different Sequences

Modifying Objects in Python

Understanding Immutable Objects in Python

Understanding Mutable Objects in Python

Strategies to Prevent Object Mutation

Practice - Creating Deep Copies of Objects

Functions

Calling Functions. Arguments vs Parameters

Shortest Function in Python

Function Arguments

Mutable and Immutable Arguments in Function Calls

Practice - Using Mutable and Immutable Objects as Function Arguments

Practice - Mandatory and Optional Positional Arguments

TASK - Functions Manipulation

Function Arguments

Args and kwargs in Functions

Practice - Using *args to Gather Positional Arguments into a Tuple

Keyword Arguments

Practice - Working with Keyword Arguments

Practice - Using *kwargs to Merge Keyword Arguments in a Dictionary

TASK - Manipulating Function Arguments

Args and kwargs

Practice - Gathering Positional Arguments into the *args Tuple

Practice - Gathering All Keyword Arguments into the **kwargs Dictionary

Default Function Parameters

Practice - Using Default Function Parameters

Docstrings

Practice - Writing and Using Docstrings

Practice - Exploring Docstrings

Practice - Adding Docstrings to Functions

Callback Functions

Rules for Working with Functions

Global and local Variables

Scopes

The Global Keyword

Practice - Global and Local Variables

Practice - Using the Global Keyword

Operators

Unary and Binary Operators

Practice - Working with Prefix Unary Operators

TASK - Operators

Falsy and Truthy Values

Practice - Falsy and Truthy Values

Logical and Comparison Operators

Logical Operators

Practice - Short-Circuit OR Operator

Practice - Short-Circuit AND Operator

Practice - Combining OR and AND Operators

Practice - Examples with Logical Operators

Practice - Comparison Operators

The del Statement

Lambda Functions

Practice - Returning Lambda Functions from Functions

Practice - Sorting a List using Lambda Functions

Practice - Filtering a List using Lambda Functions

Error handling

Error Handling

Practice - Using Different Error Classes in the Try and Except

Practice - Using Multiple Error Classes in one Except Block and Parent Exception Class

Practice - Using Else and Finally Blocks

Example - Handling File Not Found Errors

Example - Handling Undefined Variable Errors

Practice - Raising Custom Errors

Practice - Handling Raised Errors using Try and Except

Practice - Specifying Types for Function Parameters

TASK - Proper Error Handling

Sequence Unpacking

Practice - Unpacking Tuples

Practice - Unpacking a List of Tuples

Practice - Unpacking Remaining Elements

Practice - Unpacking Selected Elements

Practice - Unpacking a List into Positional Arguments

Practice - Unpacking a Dictionary into Keyword Arguments

Practice - Flexibility in Function Calls

Unpacking Dictionary

Dictionary Unpacking Operator **:

Practice - Using the Dictionary Unpacking Operator

Practice - Merging Two Dictionaries

Conditional Statements

Practice - Working with Multiple if Statements

The if-else Statement

The if-elif Statement

Practice - Combining if, elif, and else Statements

Practice - Considering the Order of Conditions in if Statements

Practice - Incorporating if Statements into Functions

Practice - Using if and return Statements within Functions

Example - Calculating School Grades using if and return in the Function

TASK - Conditional Statements

Ternary Operator

Practice - Utilizing the Ternary Operator

Example - Calculating Discounts with the Ternary Operator

Example - Data Manipulation using the Ternary Operator

Example - Calculating School Grades using the Ternary Operator

For-In loop

Loops

For-In Loop

Practice - Iterating through Lists and Tuples using For-In Loops

Practice - Iterating through Dictionaries using For-In Loops

Practice - Iterating through Ranges, Strings, and Sets with For-In Loops

TASKS - Working with For-In Loops

While Loop

Practice - Utilizing the While Loop

Example - Making Selections with the While Loop

Practice - Using break Statements in While and For-In Loops

Practice - Using continue and break Statements in While Loops

TASK - While Loop

For-In Expression (Comprehension)

For-In Expression

List, Set, and Dictionary Comprehensions

Practice - Using List Comprehension

Practice - Using Dictionary Comprehension

Practice - Utilizing Tuple Comprehension

Practice - Converting Tuples to Lists

Example - Constructing Dictionaries from Sequences

Practice - Short For-In Loops with Conditional Statements

Example - Converting Dictionary to Another Dictionary

TASKS - Short For-In Loops

Example - Chaining For-In Expressions

Generators

Generators in For-In Expressions

Practice - Generators and Iteration over the Generator

Decorator Functions

Introduction to Decorator Functions

Example - Verifying User Permissions with Decorator Functions

Example - Logging using Decorator Functions

Example - Validating Arguments with Decorator Functions

Classes and Objects

Practice - Understanding Classes and Class Instances

Practice - Adding Instance Attributes through Dot Notation

Adding Instance Attributes using the ..init.. Method

Practice - Incorporating Own Instance Attributes with the ..init.. Method

Instance and Class method

Instance vs Class Methods

Practice - Inheriting Methods by the Instances

Static Class Methods

Practice - Utilizing Static Methods in Classes

Class Attributes

Practice - Working with Class Attributes

Magic Methods in Classes

Practice - Utilizing Magic Methods in Classes

Classes Extension

Inheritance from Other Classes

Practice - Extending Classes

Classes in Practice

Example - Creating Forum, User, and Post Classes

Example - Creating Instances of the Forum, User, and Post Classes

Example - Methods for Finding Users by Username and Email

Example - Method for Finding All Posts by a Specific User

Example - Retrieving User Posts by Email

Example - Adding Parameter Types

Example - Wrapping up the Forum, Users, and Posts Example

Key Principles in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Encapsulation in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Inheritance in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Polymorphism in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Abstraction in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Modules

Practice - Importing Entire Custom Modules

Practice - Selective Imports from Other Modules

Practice - Importing between Different Modules

Practice - Modules in Subfolders

Built-in Modules

Practice - Importing from Built-in Modules

What is __name__ and __main__

Practice - _name_ and _main_

Example - Executing Functions only when Module is run Directly

Practice - Packages in Python

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)

Practice - Converting Python Objects to JSON

Practice - Converting from JSON to Python Objects

Practice - Formatting Dictionaries using JSON

TASKS - JSON

Working with Files

Working with Files and Directories using the os Module

Removing Files and Directories using the os Module

Summary of Directory and File Operations using the os Module

Working with Files and Directories using the Path Class

Iterating over Directories and Removing Files using the Path Class

Reading and Writing Files

Writing and Reading Files using the built-in open Function

Using the with Statement

Removing Files using unlink

TASK - Files

Working with zip archives

Built-in zipfile Module and Creating Zip Archives

Reading from the Zip Archive

Working with CSV Files

Iterating over Each Row in the CSV File

Working with Dates and Times

Built-in datetime Module

Examples - Using the datetime Class

Examples - Converting Strings to Datetime Objects

Example - Working with the timedelta Class

Built-in time Module

Generating Random Sequences and Passwords

Built-in random Module

Examples - Utilizing choices and shuffle Methods from the random Module

Built-in secrets Module

Examples - Generating CSRF Tokens, URL-Safe Tokens, and OTP Passwords

Example - Generating Strong Passwords

Math Module and Recursive Functions

Built-in math Module

Recursive Functions

Regular Expressions

Built-in re Module for Regular Expressions

Example - Creating Patterns for Matching

Example - Email Validation using Regular Expressions

Example - Substring Replacement using Regular Expressions

Example - Removing Excessive Spaces using Regular Expressions

TASK - Password Verification

Sending Emails

Running smtp4dev SMTP server in a Docker Container

Sending an Email using SMTP

Formatting an Email using an HTML Template

SMTP Wrap-Up and Removing the Docker smtp4dev Container

Working with SQLite Database

Creating an SQLite3 Database and Table

Writing Data into the SQLite Table

Reading Data from the SQLite Table

SQLite Summary

Other Built-in Modules

Built-in array Module

Saving Arrays to Files and Reading Arrays from Files

Accessing Program Arguments using the built-in sys Module

Built-in webbrowser Module

Virtual Environments

Introduction to PIP - Package Manager for Python

Using a Globally Installed requests Package

Uninstalling Globally Installed Packages using PIP

Creating a Python Virtual Environment

Activation and Deactivation of the Virtual Environment in the Shell

Installing Packages within the Virtual Environment

Saving a List of Installed Packages in a Requirements Text File

Challenges of Package Management using Requirements Files

Pipenv for Virtual Environments Management

Installing pipenv for Virtual Environments Management

Creating a Virtual Environment using pipenv:

Installing Packages using pipenv:

Updating Packages using pipenv:

Recreating Virtual Environment in the Project Folder using pipenv:

Using venv for Virtual Environments in PyCharm:

Using pipenv for Virtual Environments in PyCharm:

Introduction to the Django web framework

Introduction to the Django Web Framework and Project Overview

Model View Controller (MVC) Programming Pattern

Understanding How MVC Pattern is Implemented in Django

Creating a New PyCharm Project and Installing Django

Creating a Django project

Creating a New Django Project

Overview of the manage.py File in Django

Starting and Verifying the Django Server

Overview of Settings in the Django Project

Overview of Default Routing Configuration in Django

Creating a Django Application

Creating the Shop Application in Django

Explaining the Naming of the Django Project as base

Exploring the Contents of the Shop Application

Creating a View Function

Attaching the View Function to a URL:

Adding Shop Application Routes to the Global Project Routing Configuration

Database and Migrations in Django

Applying Default Migrations in the Django Project

Creating an Admin User in the Django Project

Creating Course and Category Models

Enabling the Shop Application in the Django Project

Creating and Applying Migrations for the Shop Application

Modifying Database Models

Creating a Category using the Category Model in the Shell

Creating Courses using the Course Model in the Shell

Creating Categories and Courses in the Admin Interface

Modifying How Courses and Categories are Displayed in the Admin Panel

Sending Course Titles to the Client in the Response

Creating Templates in Django

Creating an HTML Template

Using an HTML Template in the View Function

Populating the HTML Template with Data from the Database

How we Connected Templates, Views, and Models

Adding the Bootstrap CSS Library to the HTML Template

Extending Other Templates in Django

Creating a Base HTML Template for Reuse in Other Templates

Adding a Navigation Bar in the Base Template

TASK - Making the Title of the Web Page Dynamic:

SOLUTION - Making the Title of the Web Page Dynamic:

Creating Multiple routes and View Functions

Creating a Route for the Single Course Web Page

Creating a View Function for the Single Course

TASK - Creating an HTML Template for the Single Course

SOLUTION - Creating an HTML Template for the Single Course

Responding with a 404 When Course is Not Found in the Database

Routing between Pages in Django

Setting Up Routing Between Pages Using Relative or Absolute Paths

Setting Up Routing Based on the Names of the URL Patterns

Considering Application Names in the Routing Setup:

Adding a Link to the All Courses Page

Moving the Templates Folder Out of the Shop Application Folder

Modifying the Model for the Courses

Summary of the Django Shop Application

Installing django-tastypie for the API Django Application

Creating an API Django Application

Creating Models for the API Application

Configuring Routing for the API Application

Verifying the API Service

Adding Version for the API

Installing Postman and Sending GET and DELETE Requests

Managing Authentication for API Requests

Creating an API Key for the User

Enabling Authentication and Authorization for the Model and Using DELETE Method

Disabling Authentication Only for GET Requests

Creating a New Resource Using POST Method

Properly Connecting the Course to the Category in POST Requests Using Hydrate Method

Adding Dehydrate Method to Modify Data Before Sending to Client

Summary for Setting Up GET, POST, and DELETE Requests

Django Project Refactoring and Admin Settings

Refactoring Routing for the API Application

Setting Up Index Route and Adding Navigation to Navbar

Modifying Administrative Panel

Summary of Django Courses Project

Creating Games with Pygame

Introduction to Pygame and Creating the Game Window

Modifying Background Color of the Game Surface

Displaying a Rectangle in the Game

TASK - Placing Rectangle in the Middle of the Game Window

SOLUTION - Placing Rectangle in the Middle of the Game Window

Moving Rectangle Using Keyboard Arrows

Stopping Rectangle from Moving Outside of the Surface

Creating a Shooter Game with Pygame

Final Shooter Game Overview

Loading Images for the Game and Fighter

Displaying Fighter on the Surface

Moving Fighter Left or Right

Making Fighter Movement Continuous

Adding the Ball to the Game

Showing Ball Based on Fighter Position

Moving the Ball After Firing

Adding the Alien to the Game

Moving the Alien Down the Surface

Interaction of the Elements in the Pygame

Detecting Collision Between Alien and Fighter, Ending the Game

Hitting the Alien with the Ball

Increasing Alien Speed After Each Hit

Adding Hit Counter

Shooter Game Summary

Game Refactoring using Classes and OOP

Start of Shooter Refactoring and Creating the Fighter Class

Adding Methods in the Fighter Class

Creating an Alien Class

Adding Methods in the Alien Class

Creating a Ball Class

Adding Methods in the Ball Class

Creating a Game Class

Adding Methods in the Game Class

Adding Methods for Drawing Elements and Finalizing Refactoring

Game Refactoring Summary

Running the Game After Refactoring

Jupyter Notebook

Installing Jupyter Notebook

Editing in Jupyter Notebook

Order of Execution of Cells in Jupyter Notebook

Adding Markdown, Saving, and Loading Jupyter Notebooks

Jupyter Lab

Installing Jupyter Lab and Editing Notebooks

Exploring Features of Jupyter Lab

Installing External Packages in Jupyter Notebook

NumPy - Creating Arrays

Introduction to NumPy and Creating One-Dimensional Arrays

Two-Dimensional Arrays in NumPy

Understanding Axes in NumPy

Arithmetic Operations with NumPy Arrays

Concatenating NumPy Arrays

Summary of Basic Operations with NumPy Arrays

NumPy – Random Values

Filling a NumPy Array with Zeroes, Ones, or Random Floats

Generating Random Elements Using randint and uniform:

Understanding Seed Number

NumPy arange, reshape, and flatten Methods

NumPy – Examples

NumPy Examples 1 and 2 (One-Dimensional Array):

NumPy Examples 3 and 4 (One-Dimensional Array):

NumPy Example 5 (Two-Dimensional Array):

NumPy Example 6 (Two-Dimensional Array):

NumPy Example 7 (Three-Dimensional Array):

NumPy Summary

Pandas – Working with DataFrames and Series

Introduction to Pandas and Installation

Creating a DataFrame from a Dictionary

Basic Operations with DataFrame

Describing the DataFrame

Finding Null Values in the DataFrame

Finding Columns with Specific Data Type

Series Data Structure in Pandas

Selecting Part of the DataFrame Using loc and iloc Properties

Filtering Data in the DataFrame

Datetime Type in Pandas

Sorting Data in the DataFrame

Adding and Removing Columns and Concatenating DataFrames

Summary of Pandas DataFrames and Series

Pandas – Random Data Working with CSV

Generating Random Data for DataFrames

Creating a DataFrame Using Random Data

Saving DataFrames to CSV Files

Creating DataFrames from CSV Files

Writing DataFrames to Excel and JSON Files

Pandas – Analysing CSV- Loaded DataFrames

Analyzing CSV-Loaded DataFrames

Grouping Data in DataFrames

Displaying Series Data on Plots Using Matplotlib

Summary of Example with Random CSV Data

Matplotlib – Creating Charts

Examples of Plot and Scatter Diagrams Using Matplotlib

Examples of Matplotlib Subplots

Using DataFrames for Creating Diagrams

Boxplots, Area Plots, and Pie Charts

Example of a Heatmap in Matplotlib

Displaying Real-World Data on Various Charts

Scikit – Learn - Machine Learning

Introduction to Scikit-Learn and Installation

Loading and Analyzing Sample Data for Model Creation

Handling Null Values in DataFrame

Attempting to Create a Model for Predicting Target Values

Encoding Non-Numeric Values in Input Data

Building and Predicting with Cleaned and Encoded Data

Summary of Model for Predicting Favorite Transport

Visualizing DecisionTreeClassifier Model

Creating Charts for Data from the Built Model

Evaluating Model Accuracy

Machine Learning Model for Real Data

Loading CSV File with Airline Passenger Satisfaction Data

Analyzing DataFrame with Passenger Satisfaction Data

Filling Null Values with Mean Value

Creating Diagrams for Passenger Data Analysis

Manually Encoding Non-Numeric Values in DataFrame

Encoding Non-Numeric Values Using LabelEncoder

Creating Additional Diagrams After Data Cleaning and Encoding

Filtering DataFrame with Passenger Data

Using DecisionTreeClassifier for Model Creation

Measuring Model Accuracy with DecisionTreeClassifier

Using Other Classifiers for Model Creation

Summary of Airline Passenger Satisfaction Project

Making Machine Learning Model More Real

Removing Passenger Votes from DataFrame

Saving Trained Model for Future Use

Summary of Realistic Model for Passenger Satisfaction Prediction

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Python – Complete Python, Django, Data Science and ML Guide

By : Bogdan Stashchuk

Python – Complete Python, Django, Data Science and ML Guide

By: Bogdan Stashchuk

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Python – Complete Python, Django, Data Science and ML Guide

By : Bogdan Stashchuk

Python – Complete Python, Django, Data Science and ML Guide

By: Bogdan Stashchuk

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