Conceptually, there are several basic modules in almost any software. The model is a data container and the user interface (UI) is a way to communicate with the model. A relationship between the model and the UI is bidirectional. Data from the model is displayed to a user, and a user may change the model’s data. The model may keep some or all of the data in the main memory and store data in an external storage, such as files or databases (db). A relationship between the model and the data storage is also bidirectional. The UI has one or many views of data, which present data in a format useful to users, and one or many controllers, which channel changes in data to the model. For example, a web application, after a user request, retrieves data from a database and displays it in a presentable way. After the user changes the data, the application updates the database. There is a flow of data between the UI and the db. For a simple data model and a simple application...