Cryptography is the study of secure communication techniques that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages and allow only the intended recipient of a message to view its contents. It is the cornerstone of information security, which serves as the basis for delivering secure business applications and services. Modern cryptography concerns itself with the following five objectives of information security:

• Confidentiality: This is the concept of preventing sensitive data from being accessible by any unauthorized entities.
• Integrity: This means protecting sensitive data from unauthorized changes during transit from one party to another party.
• Authentication: This is the process of ensuring that user identity is truly what the user claims it to be, whether the user is human or a system.
• Authorization: This is the concept of determining...