We all agree that hardcoding your password is a bad idea. This recipe shows you how to keep your password in a secure password file.

Not all database users need passwords; some databases use other means of authentication. Don't perform this step unless you know you will be using password authentication, and you know your password.

First, remove the hardcoded password from where you set it previously. Completely remove the password = xxxx text from the connection string in a program. Otherwise, when you test the password file, the hardcoded setting will override the details you are about to place in the file. Keeping the password hardcoded and in the password file is not any better. Using PGPASSWORD is not recommended either, so remove that also.

If you think someone may have seen the password, then change your password before placing it in the secure password file.

A password file contains the usual five fields that we require when connecting, as shown here:

host:port:dbname:user:password

Change this to the following:

myhost:5432:postgres:sriggs:moresecure

The password file is located using an environment variable named PGPASSFILE. If PGPASSFILE is not set, then a default filename and location must be searched for, as follows:

• On *nix systems, look for ~/.pgpass
• On Windows systems, look for %APPDATA%\postgresql\pgpass.conf, where %APPDATA% is the application data subdirectory in the path (for me, that would be C:\)

Many people name the password file .pgpass, whether or not they are on Windows, so don't get confused if they do this.

The password file can contain multiple lines. Each line is matched against the requested host:port:dbname:user combination until we find a line that matches. Then, we use that password.

Each item can be a literal value or *, a wildcard that matches anything. There is no support for partial matching. With appropriate permissions, a user can potentially connect to any database. Using the wildcard in the dbname and port fields makes sense, but it is less useful in other fields. Here are a few examples:

• myhost:5432:*:sriggs:moresecurepw
• myhost:5432:perf:hannu:okpw
• myhost:*:perf:gianni:sicurissimo

This looks like a good improvement if you have a small number of database servers. If you have many different database servers, you may want to think about using a connection service file instead (see the next recipe), or perhaps even storing details on a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) server.